Show full overview. Time Period Colonization and Settlement Subjects US History. Cite this set. Chicago citation style Adena Barnette. Accessed November 12, Password Please enter your Password. Forgot password? Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number. Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about About Related Articles close popup.
Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Introduction For the process of European expansion and the colonial endeavors from the late 15th century to the 19th, historians of the Atlantic world have more often than not identified the imperial states as the most powerful players: the Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English later British.
General Overviews While very few studies deal with the topic of religion and colonization in a holistic or comprehensive perspective Muldoon , more recent research has emphasized the role of religion and theology in Atlantic colonization schemes and imperial politics at large, be it for the British Empire Armitage ; Noll, et al. Draws on Protestant evangelical endeavors to missionize North America.
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Madison also made a point that any believer of any religion should understand: that the government sanction of a religion was, in essence, a threat to religion. As a Christian, Madison also noted that Christianity had spread in the face of persecution from worldly powers, not with their help.
The act is one of three accomplishments Jefferson included on his tombstone, along with writing the Declaration and founding the University of Virginia. He omitted his presidency of the United States. And as framed in Philadelphia that year, the U. The men who fought the Revolution may have thanked Providence and attended church regularly—or not. But they also fought a war against a country in which the head of state was the head of the church.
It was the recognition of that divisive past by the founders—notably Washington, Jefferson, Adams and Madison—that secured America as a secular republic. For happily the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens.
As for Adams and Jefferson, they would disagree vehemently over policy, but on the question of religious freedom they were united. The belief widely held and preached by some of the most prominent ministers in America was that Catholics would, if permitted, turn America over to the pope.
Due to recent efforts to dismantle caste in India the nature in which the caste system is altered can be exemplified in a different way. It is, however, inevitable that the modern Caste situation is a direct descendant of the relatively recent events of British colonialism.
The issue of caste invention can be concluded by stating that the caste system is part of the content of what British colonialists generalised as Hinduism.
At no point should the British be considered to have invented any of the actual content of Hinduism itself, only the general label given to this content. This conclusion was reached through an assessment of the origins of the caste system which showed that caste existed in not just a religious context but was also socially implemented. Furthermore it was demonstrated that British contributions to the caste system were typical of pre and post-colonial situations.
The caste system is consistently adapted by those with any degree of political power. Firstly that British colonials contributed heavily to the categorisation of the religion of Hinduism or of Hinduism as a unified body and system of religious doctrine, texts, rituals and practices, which it had not previously been and secondly that the social and religious content of the Hindu group was not in any way invented but developed over thousands of years.
These conclusions are reinforced by observing the caste system, conclusions in this case that the caste system is part of the social content of Hinduism and therefore cannot be considered as having been invented by Europeans. These conclusions were reached by studying these issues before, during and after British colonialism.
Observing the situation before British colonialism demonstrated that the content of Hinduism developed from its roots in the Indus Valley, although a consistent religious group did not exist between then and modern day Hinduism.
A Hindu group never existed under a united religious identity, despite all the traditions of modern day Hinduism existing independently before British colonialism. The European viewpoint of religion in India was that all non-Abrahamic religions were considered Heathen. These observations means that the content existed before British colonialism at was at some point during the period generalised into Hinduism.
A study of the situation during British colonialism demonstrates that various factors contributed to the construction of Hinduism. The Orientalists generalised various Indian religious traditions into a coherent Hindu religion.
British colonial construction of Hinduism occurred through categorising institutions such as censuses, and Christian Scholars utilised the generalisation of Hinduism in order to create a common religious antagonist due to their missionary nature. The caste system had already existed as content of Hindu culture for over years, While it may have been utilised and changed by British colonialism, it was not invented by it. The only invention was the gathering of content under the definition of Hinduism.
In conclusion, while Hinduism as an appellation can be considered to be a colonial invention all of its content is the result of millennia of social and religious development. Hinduism should be considered Indian in every sense, regardless of the general label given to it by colonialists.
V, Stietencron. K, Was Hinduism invented? Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to support open access publishing. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team.
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